Without adding third-party software to your Mac OS computer, the information you see in the chooser is for computers which communicate with the AppleTalk protocol. For example, if you click AppleShare in the chooser, it looks for other computers on your network that are using the AppleTalk protocol and are "AFP" (Apple Filing Protocol) services. An AFP service may be another Mac OS computer using personal file sharing, an AppleShare file server, or any server that communicates using AppleTalk that provides AFP services.
If the computers on your network use TCP/IP, there are other ways to "see" the these computers using third-party software. Some of the utilities you may use include (but are not limited to) MacTCP Ping, MacTCP watcher, MacPing. These utilities let you "ping" another IP addresses on the network.
NOTE: ping is a command which sends simple TCP/IP packets to a computer to determine whether or not the computer is functioning on the network.
Many TCP/IP computers exchange files using FTP (file transfer protocol). If computers on your network use ftp, your Mac OS computer can use third-party software like Fetch to exchange files.