Colors, patterns and gradients can be saved to separate files from the palettes. There is no way to save out items in the Style Bar to a separate storage file.
However, you have two options available to have the colored patterns to be used in other documents:
1. Save out a file with your favorite colors/patterns/gradients to a stationery file
2. Create an object, such as a rectangle, filled with each color/pattern/gradient combination, then add this object to a library. You can then copy the object containing the desired pattern to your main document, then use the eyedropper to pick up the pattern.